Archnet > Publication > العمارة السكنية التركية الإسلامية: منازل أرضروم

Erzurum - <div><br></div><div>Karpuz, Haşim. Türk İslâm Mesken Mimarisinde Erzurum Evleri. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1993, 174pp.</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-weight: bold;">ملخص</span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-weight: bold;">العمارة السكنية التركية الإسلامية: منازل أرضروم</span></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-style: italic;">Türk İslâm Mesken Mimarisinde Erzurum Evleri</span></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right; ">ﯾﮭﺪف ھﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب إﻟﻰ دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎزل أرﺿﺮوم و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺔ-اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﻨﯿﺔ. و ﻗﺪ ﻛُﺘﺐ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺑﻠﻐﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ ﺗﺴﮭﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎرئ اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻓﮭﻢ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ. و ﯾﺴﺘﮭﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﮫ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ «اﻟﻤﻨﺰل»، ﺛﻢ ﯾﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺑﺈﯾﺠﺎز ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺔ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ و ﻣﻨﺎزل آﺳﯿﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ و ﻣﻨﺎزل اﻟﺴﻼﺟﻘﺔ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻷﻧﺎﺿﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺔ و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻷﻧﺎﺿﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺔ. ﯾﻠﻲ ذﻟﻚ وﺻﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﻮت اﻷﻧﺎﺿﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ رﻏﻢ اﻟﻔﻮارق ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ و اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎ و اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد<br></div><div style="text-align: right; "><br></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-IQ">أﻣﺎ
اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻓﯿﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ أرﺿﺮوم و ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﮭﺎ و اﻟﺘﻤﺪن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ
ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﺎدات و اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺪ. و ﯾﺪرس اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﯿﻞ ﻋﺪدا ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎزل أرﺿﺮوم، و ﯾﺬﻛﺮ
أﺳﻤﺎءھﺎ و ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻨﮭﺎ و ﺗﻮارﯾﺦ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﮭﺎ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺼﻒ ﺑﻨﯿﺘﮭﺎ و زﺧﺎرﻓﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﯿﻞ.</span><br></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-IQ"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-IQ"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">و ﯾﻌﺮض
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ و اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﺎرة ﻣﻨﺎزل أرﺿﺮوم
و ﯾﺘﻨﺎول أھﻢ ﻣﻮاد اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﯿﯿﺪھﺎ و ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺠﺪران و ﻋﺪد اﻟﻄﻮاﺑﻖ و ﻧﻤﺎذج
اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت و اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺰل و وظﺎﺋﻒ أﻗﺴﺎﻣﮫ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ و اﻟﻐﺮف و اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ
ﻟﻠﺰﺧﺎرف ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل</span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">.</span><br></span></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-IQ"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><br></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-IQ"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">و ﻓﻲ
ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﯾﺰود اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﺑﻤﺴﺮد ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل و ﺛﺒﺖ
ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻊ و ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺒﯿﻮت و ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﻷرﺿﺮوم ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻟﻤﺪروﺳﺔ
و ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺻﻮر ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻷرﺿﺮوم و</span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">ﻣﻨﺎزﻟﮭﺎ. و ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﺘﺎب أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎ
ﻟﻮ أن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻮر و اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت و اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﻗﺪ وردت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﮭﺎ.</span><br></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-IQ"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><br></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-IQ"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">و ﺑﺼﺮف
اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺼﻮر و اﻟﺮﺳﻮم اﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺤﯿﺔ ﯾﻘﺪم ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺪرا ﻛﺒﯿﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ
اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻗﯿﺪ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ، ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﺪرا ﻗﯿﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل</span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">.</span><br></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-IQ"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><br></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-IQ"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="right"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL">إﺟﯿﮭﺎن ﻛﻮج<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" align="right"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL">عادل لاغة</span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL"><o:p></o:p></span></p></span></span></span></span></div>

Type

abstract

Year

2014

Karpuz, Haşim. Türk İslâm Mesken Mimarisinde Erzurum Evleri. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1993, 174pp.

ملخص

العمارة السكنية التركية الإسلامية: منازل أرضروم

Türk İslâm Mesken Mimarisinde Erzurum Evleri

ﯾﮭﺪف ھﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب إﻟﻰ دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎزل أرﺿﺮوم و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺔ-اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﻨﯿﺔ. و ﻗﺪ ﻛُﺘﺐ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺑﻠﻐﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ ﺗﺴﮭﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎرئ اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻓﮭﻢ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ. و ﯾﺴﺘﮭﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﮫ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ «اﻟﻤﻨﺰل»، ﺛﻢ ﯾﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺑﺈﯾﺠﺎز ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺔ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ و ﻣﻨﺎزل آﺳﯿﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ و ﻣﻨﺎزل اﻟﺴﻼﺟﻘﺔ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻷﻧﺎﺿﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺔ و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻷﻧﺎﺿﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺔ. ﯾﻠﻲ ذﻟﻚ وﺻﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﻮت اﻷﻧﺎﺿﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ رﻏﻢ اﻟﻔﻮارق ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ و اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎ و اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد

أﻣﺎ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻓﯿﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ أرﺿﺮوم و ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﮭﺎ و اﻟﺘﻤﺪن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﺎدات و اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺪ. و ﯾﺪرس اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﯿﻞ ﻋﺪدا ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎزل أرﺿﺮوم، و ﯾﺬﻛﺮ أﺳﻤﺎءھﺎ و ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻨﮭﺎ و ﺗﻮارﯾﺦ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﮭﺎ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺼﻒ ﺑﻨﯿﺘﮭﺎ و زﺧﺎرﻓﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﯿﻞ.

و ﯾﻌﺮض اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ و اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﺎرة ﻣﻨﺎزل أرﺿﺮوم و ﯾﺘﻨﺎول أھﻢ ﻣﻮاد اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﯿﯿﺪھﺎ و ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺠﺪران و ﻋﺪد اﻟﻄﻮاﺑﻖ و ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت و اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺰل و وظﺎﺋﻒ أﻗﺴﺎﻣﮫ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ و اﻟﻐﺮف و اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺧﺎرف ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل.

و ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﯾﺰود اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﺑﻤﺴﺮد ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل و ﺛﺒﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻊ و ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺒﯿﻮت و ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﻷرﺿﺮوم ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻟﻤﺪروﺳﺔ و ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺻﻮر ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻷرﺿﺮوم و ﻣﻨﺎزﻟﮭﺎ. و ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﺘﺎب أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ أن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻮر و اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت و اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﻗﺪ وردت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﮭﺎ.

و ﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺼﻮر و اﻟﺮﺳﻮم اﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺤﯿﺔ ﯾﻘﺪم ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺪرا ﻛﺒﯿﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻗﯿﺪ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ، ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﺪرا ﻗﯿﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل.

إﺟﯿﮭﺎن ﻛﻮج

عادل لاغة

Koç, Ecehan. “Arabic abstract of 'Turkish-Islamic Domestic Architecture: The Case of Erzurum Houses'". Translated Adel Laga In Cities as Built and Lived Environments: Scholarship from Muslim Contexts, 1875 to 2011, by Aptin Khanbaghi. 383. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014.

Turkey

place