Iran

Persian

Dynasty of Kurdish origin which ruled Iran during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries/eleventh and twelve centuries AH Although the founder of the dynasty was probably a Sunni, the Safavids later became Shi'a and adopted this as a state religion. Little remains of the early architecture of the Safavids who established capitals first at Tabriz and later at Qazvin. The little that does survive indicates that they continued the architectural forms established by their predecessors the <a href="https://archnet.org/collections/2377" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timurids</a>. Thus the Safavids continued to use the complex vaulting forms, with networks of arches, squinches and pendentives, developed under the Timurids. An early example of a Safavid building is the tomb of Harun-i Vilayat which although Timurid in form has an emphasis on exterior tile decoration. This was a feature which was developed in later Safavid architecture where the architectural form seems to be subordinated to the tile patterns. The most productive period of Safavid architecture began in 1598/1006 AH with Shah Tahmasp's decision to redesign <a href="https://archnet.org/admin/authorities/3709/edit" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Isfahan</a> as an imperial capital. The centre of the new developments was the <a href="https://archnet.org/sites/2717" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Maidan-i-Shah</a> which is a rectangular square or park around which was built the palace, the principal mosques and the principal bazar of the city. The main characteristics of this architecture was the layout and planning with the mosques built at a deliberate angle to the maidan to show off both their monumental portals (pishtaq iwans) and their glazed domes. Similarly the main gate of the palace, the <a href="https://archnet.org/sites/2712" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ali Qapu</a>, was made into a pavilion overlooking the Maidan-i-Shah from which the shah's palace could be seen. The emphasis on accessibility is also demonstrated in the tomb complexes, where the outside faces are pierced with arches instead of forbidding walls. This is also seen on utilitarian structures such as the famous <a href="https://archnet.org/sites/2714" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Pol-i-Khaju</a> bridge built in 1650/1059 AH. This bridge, which links Isfahan to the southern palace, is 110 m long and has two tiers of arcades which provide shelter from the summer heat. Another characteristic of the archithttps://archnet.org/publications/14176ecture is the use of lighter materials such as wood, stucco, paint and tiles, and an increasing emphasis on gardens. However, this may appear to be a development simply because earlier structures of this type have not survived.&nbsp;Outside Isfahan buildings such as caravanserais are generally larger and plainer than their predecessors indicating the growth of commercial traffic. Source: Petersen, Andrew.&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/admin/collections/126/edit" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</a>.&nbsp;London and New York: Routledge, 1999. Related Resources:<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2527" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Safavid Gardens </a> Safavid rulers on Archnet:<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">'Abbas I</a> (r. 1587-1629/995-1039 AH)<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2599" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">'Abbas II</a> (r. 1642-1688)<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3275" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah Tahmasp</a> (r. 1524-1576/930-984 AH)<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sulayman I</a> (r. 1666-1694/1076-1105 AH) Additional Resources:Alemi, Mahvash. "<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/3295" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Documents: The Safavid Royal Gardens in Sari.</a>” In <a href="https://archnet.org/publications/4440" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre</a> 1, edited by Attilo Petruccioli, 98-103. Rome: Dell’oca Editore, 1996. Alemi, Mahvash. 1997. "<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/4276" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">The Royal Gardens of the Safavid Period: Types and Models.</a>" In&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/4275" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design</a>, edited by Attilio Petruccioli, 72-96. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill. Alemi, Mahvash. "<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/3259" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Urban Spaces as the Scene for the Ceremonies and Pastimes of the Safavid Court.</a>” In <a href="https://archnet.org/publications/4444" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre</a> 1-2, edited by Attilo Petruccioli, 98-107. Rome: Dell’oca Editore, 1991. Crowe, Yolande. 2004. "<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/5392" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">A Late Safavid Dish: A Cluster of Exotic Trees and Foliage</a>". In <a href="https://archnet.org/publications/5382" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, XXI</a>, 121-128. Emami, Farshid. "<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/14176" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Coffeehouses, Urban Spaces, and the Formation of a Public Sphere in Safavid Isfahan.</a>"&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/14164" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muqarnas: An Annual On The Visual Cultures Of The Islamic World</a>, Vol 33&nbsp;(2016): 177-220. Farhad, Massumeh and Marianna Shreve Simpson. 1993. "<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/4323" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sources for the Study of Safavid Painting and Patronage, or Mefiez-vous de Qazi Ahmad</a>". In <a href="https://archnet.org/publications/4428" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muqarnas X: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture</a>. Margaret B. Sevcenko, ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Javan, Karim. “<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/12663" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">English abstract of 'The History of Isfahan: the Volumes on Art and Artists'</a>". Translated by Karim Javan. In <a href="https://archnet.org/collections/1241" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Cities as Built and Lived Environments: Scholarship from Muslim Contexts, 1875 to 2011</a>, by Aptin Khanbaghi, 139. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014. (Also in Arabic - <a href="https://archnet.org/publications/12247" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">تاريخ أصفهان: مجلد الفن و الفنانين </a>and Turkish - <a href="https://archnet.org/publications/12455" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">İsfahan’ın Tarihi: Sanat ve Sanatçılar Üzerine Ciltler</a>) Kleiss, Wolfram. 1993. "<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/4669" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Safavid Palaces"</a>. In Ars Orientalis, Vol. 23. Gülru Necipoglu, ed. Ann Arbour: Department of History, University of Michigan. McChesney, Robert. <a href="https://archnet.org/publications/3024" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Four Sources on Shah Abbas's Buildings of Isfahan</a>. In <a href="https://archnet.org/publications/4423" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muqarnas V: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture</a>, edited by Oleg Grabar. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988. Melville, Charles. "<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/14175" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">New Light on Shah ʿAbbas and the Construction of Isfahan.</a>"&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/14164" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muqarnas: An Annual On The Visual Cultures Of The Islamic World&nbsp;33</a> (2016): 155-76. Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. “<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/13244" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Isfahan under Shah Abbas</a>.” Lesson 13/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019. ﻿

Timeline: Safavid {1501-1722}

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IAA706568

Shah Tahmasp 

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IAA705722

<blockquote>When<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3275" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Shah Tahmasp</a> (1524–1576) decided to transfer his capital from Tabriz to Qazvin, the greatest part of his additions to the new capital were the buildings and gardens for the residence of the court. It developed into a garden city (bāghistān), known as Sa‛adatabad, northeast of the existing city to which it was linked through a promenade, khiyābān, and two squares (maydān). After it was completed in 1557, Shah Tahmasp moved from the old to the new palace. The court poet and historian, ‛Abdi Bayk Navidi (1515–1580) lauded in verse the king and the Sa‘adat garden. His description of the garden city starts significantly from its processional promenade, khiyābān. It ran from south to north and had two gates at each end. Navidi underlines the public function and reception of the “khiyābān outside the Shah’s house,” saying that people were happy to promenade there, and he exalts its pleasant garden features, air, water, verdant grass, and trees.</blockquote><blockquote>A drawing by Kaempfer depicts this promenade, which began at a gate near the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/1651" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Great Mosque</a> and ended at the ‘Ali Qapu gate. Kaempfer defines the space as the “vestibule to ‘Ali Qapu.” It was, according to him, a great rectilinear space (650 paces long and 65 paces wide), at the sides of which were planted, every seven paces, alternating plane and mulberry trees. On its eastern side, two vaulted passages (sarguzar) led to a school (madrasah) and to the “house of the viceroy.” A row of houses on its western side separated the khiyābān from a street along which was the “Pyr ‘Imamzada Isma‛il mausoleum.”<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2793" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Pascal Coste</a> drew a view of the khiyābān in 1840, and it is shown on the 1919 plan of Qazvin. Today, its southern gate has been demolished.</blockquote><blockquote>Sources: Travel Account,&nbsp;1684 | Travel Account,&nbsp;1840 | Court Chronicle,&nbsp;1580 | Architectural Plans/Sketches,&nbsp;1919</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mavash Alemi</a> Resources:I giardini reali di Ashraf e Farahâbâd&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/NXA7AFUZ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Itinéraire de l’ambassade Française en Perse sous M. le Comte de Sercey, et des excursions scientifiques des deux artistes attachés à cette mission, par M. Pascal Coste, architecte&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/B7T4UZFS" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Qazvin—Safavidische Stadtplanung und Qadjarischer Bazar&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/KEC9Y9IV" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Palais et jardins: Le complexe royal des premiers Safavides à Qazvin, milieu XVIe–début XVIIe siècles&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/BPGIFX5C" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Khiyaban.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Khiyaban (MEGT)

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IMG28145

<blockquote>When <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3275" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah Tahmasp</a> (1524-1576) decided to transfer his capital from Tabriz to Qazvin, the greatest part of his additions concerned the creation of a garden city (bāghistān) that became famous as Bagh-i Sa‛adat. It was built northeast of the existing city to which it was linked through a promenade, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/20798" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">khiyābān </a>and two squares (maydān). After the garden city was completed in 1557, Shah Tahmasp moved from the old palace, known as the&nbsp;dawlatkhānah of Shah Ismail, to the new one. The court poet and historian ‛Abdi Bayk Navidi (1515–1580) was ordered to write an encomium of the royal garden complex in verse. His composition, completed in 1558/1559, contained five long poems, four of which were about the palaces, gardens, flowers, and fruits of Sa‘adat Garden, and one of which focused mostly on the paintings in the royal loggias. Navidi, apart from reflecting the garden aesthetics of the time, describes the layout of the khiyābāns that provided its general structure. The garden complex was accessed through a public promenade (khiyābān) that ran from the Great Mosque to the ‘Ali Qapu Gate. From here, a&nbsp;khiyābān aligned with the former led north inside the royal garden to the Shirvani Saray, the shah’s pleasure pavilion (sarāy-i ‘aysh), placed at the crossing with another&nbsp;khiyābān running east–west. A third khiyābān formed the border along the garden walls.</blockquote><blockquote>A drawing by Kaempfer from 1684 shows the khiyābān leading from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/2712" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">‘Ali Qapu Gate</a> to the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3702" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shirvani Saray</a>, located at the crossing with a khiyābān running east to west. He draws also the poles for polo and archery in a maydān east of the pavilion, as well as two other transverse alleys, but does not include the circumferential khiyābān mentioned by Navidi. The drawing shows also a lofty vault and an octagonal shaped area along its western wall. According to Navidi, the garden incorporated a number of buildings in the plots (qat‛ah) formed by its grid. He describes fourteen “plots” east and nine west of the royal loggia that had various square, hexagonal, octagonal, and round shapes as well as a number of tālār. He mentions for each plot the names of their patron or supervisors (sarkār), who were high court officials and royal family members. The gardens were partially built over in the Qajar period (1785–1924). Today only a small part of the garden with a pavilion and the ‘Ali Qapu Gate building survive.&nbsp;</blockquote><blockquote>Source: Travel Account,&nbsp;1684 | Court Chronicle,&nbsp;1539–1543</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mahvash Alemi</a> Resources:Royal Persian Manuscripts&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/ZKS9AGHA" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Kulliyāt-i Navīdī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/8PTFCQ4Q" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>I giardini reali di Ashraf e Farahâbâd&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/NXA7AFUZ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Palais et jardins: Le complexe royal des premiers Safavides à Qazvin, milieu XVIe–début XVIIe siècles&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/BPGIFX5C" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Qazvin—Safavidische Stadtplanung und Qadjarischer Bazar&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/KEC9Y9IV" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>MSS Sloane 2907; 2910; 2912; 2914; 2915; 2917A and B; 2920; 2921; 2923; 2929A; 3060-3064, 5232&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/DNVNSQUD" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Bagh-i Sa‛adat.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:<a href="https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7</a>

Bagh-i Sa‛adat (MEGT)

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IAA708057

<blockquote>Shah Ismail, who founded the Safavid dynasty in 1501, created a palace in Khoy, where he preferred to pass the winter hunting. The first description of this dawlatkhānah is in an account by Francesco Romano, a Venetian merchant who traveled through Persian in 1507. He describes it as having two gates and two magnificent courts that were similar to cloisters of convents. In front of the western gate, there were three towers made of the horns of animals that the king and his men had hunted. Astarabadi (Tārīkh-i Sulṭānī, 40) reports that Shah Ismail, in the seventh year of his reign, spent the winter in Khoy and Urumi, where he built a splendid dome and building at the tomb of Imamzada Sahl Ali. At a source of water, he created a building, basin, chahārbāgh, and gardens.</blockquote><blockquote>The first graphical source that shows Safavid Khoy is depicted by Matrakçi in his manuscript of 940 AH, during the reign of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3275" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah Tahmasp</a>, when the Ottoman <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2620" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sultan Süleyman </a>attacked the cities of Azerbaijan. Despite the symbolic representation of the elements, one can recognize a garden to the north (at the right side of the image) of the walled city, which could be the dawlatkhānah with the turrets mentioned in the accounts of the Venetian merchant. The bazaars running from north to south are also depicted. Another drawing by Coste in 1840 shows the dawlatkhānah as it appeared when the embassy of the Comte de Sercey stayed there. Despite the fact that the palace could have been transformed during the Safavid and Qajar (1785–1924) periods, it still reflects closely the description given by the Venetian merchant, and includes courts dedicated to men and women, stables, and, on the western side of the garden, a&nbsp;maydān, probably where the turrets were located.</blockquote><blockquote>Sources: Court Chronicle,&nbsp;1533 | Travel Account,&nbsp;1840</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mahvash Alemi</a> Resources:Tārīkh-i sulṭānī: az Shaykh Ṣafī tā Shāh Ṣafī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/DJKY4J7D" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Beyān-ı menāzil-i sefer-i ʻIrākeyn-i Sulṭān Süleymān Hān&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/A62ZPRWN" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Tārīkh-i Khuy : sarguz̲asht-i sih hizār salah-ʼi manṭaqah-ʼi pur ḥadis̲ah-ʼi shumāl-i gharb-i Īrān va ravābiṭ-i siyāsī va tārīkhī-i Īrān bā aqvām-i hamsāyah&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/3WETBFSH" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Itinéraire de l’ambassade Française en Perse sous M. le Comte de Sercey, et des excursions scientifiques des deux artistes attachés à cette mission, par M. Pascal Coste, architecte&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/B7T4UZFS" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Viaggio di un mercante che fu in Persia&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/87GTWQ69" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Giardini reali e disegno del paesaggio ad Esfahan e nel territorio iraniano alla luce dei documenti inediti di Pascal Coste&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/X795M6IV" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Chaharbagh-i Shah Ismail.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at: https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Chaharbagh-i Shah Ismail (MEGT)

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IAA708056

Golestan Palace

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IMG28689

<blockquote>Bagh-i Jannat, the garden in which the Spanish ambassador Don Garcia de Silva y Figueroa was received by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah ‘Abbas</a> on the 17 June 1618, is represented in a drawing by Pietro della Valle. The garden was thickly planted with plane trees. There was a great pond in front of a house, perhaps in the center of the garden, where a small wooden loggia was installed; this was where the king, the Spanish ambassador, and a Turkish commander (sardar) sat. All the other guests were seated around the pond. According to Figueroa, the pond measured 100 paces along each side and access to the pavilion was across a small bridge of 4 or 5 feet in length. This might be the same pond described by the poet of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3275" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah Tahmasp</a>, ‘Abdi Bayk Navidi (1515–1580), in the royal gardens created by Shah Tahmasp. It was to the west of the palace known as Khana-yi Shirvani, in which stood a tālār, connected by a bridge. The Khana-yi Shirvani is represented at the crossing of the axis of a garden behind the ‘Ali <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/2712" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Qapu</a> in a drawing by Kaempfer (see Bagh-i Sa‘adat at Qazvin).</blockquote><blockquote>Source: Travel Account,&nbsp;1618</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mahvash Alemi</a> Resources:Kulliyāt-i Navīdī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/8PTFCQ4Q" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>I giardini reali di Ashraf e Farahâbâd&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/NXA7AFUZ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Palais et jardins: Le complexe royal des premiers Safavides à Qazvin, milieu XVIe–début XVIIe siècles&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/BPGIFX5C" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>MSS Ottoboni Latino 3382, 3383, and 3384&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/IWT2JBCY" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Bagh-i Jannat.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Bagh-i Jannat (MEGT)

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IAA708058

<blockquote>The Guldasta pavilion is mentioned by Iskandar Munshi as one of the private apartments (khalva khānah) built by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah ‘Abbas</a> among the works carried out in the year 1598 on the grounds of Bagh-i Naqsh-i Jahan. It stood on the eastern flank of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/136" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Bagh-i Hasht Bihisht</a> or Bulbul, to which it was linked by an entry pavilion. From here a water canal ran west–east, forming the main axis of the composition. Along this axis was a sixteen-sided pavilion called Guldasta, surrounded by basins and canals on an octagonal layout; a chahār ṣuffa (four loggia) pavilion called Utchi Martaba (three-floors), also surrounded by basins and canals on a rectangular layout; and a hammām on its eastern end. The plan of this garden drawn by Engelbert Kaempfer in 1684 shows the variety of shapes composing the garden plots. News regarding the use of octagonal, hexagonal, and round plots appeared already in a poem by ‘Abdi Bayk Navidi about the Sa‘adat Garden created by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3275" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah Tahmasp</a> in Qazvin. The Guldasta building survived until the nineteenth century when, according to Jabiri Ansari, it belonged to Amin-ul Tujjar and was built over with houses.</blockquote><blockquote>Sources: Travel Account,&nbsp;1684, Travel Account,&nbsp;1890</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mavash Alemi</a> Resources:Tārīkh-i ʻālam-i ārā-yi ʻAbbāsī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/CV6SG2N6" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Tarikh-i Isfahan va Ray va hamah-i jahan&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/9B6YYJ4U" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Il giardino persiano: tipi e modelli&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/XNEA6MAK" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Safavid Royal Gardens and Their Urban Relationships&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/R7V8HF29" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Bagh-i Guldasta.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Bagh-i Guldasta (MEGT)

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IAA706115

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Shah Tahmasp
r. 1524-1576/930-984 AH
Iran

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Shah Tahmasp

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