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Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder. Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>. The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.

Terms of use

<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

About

 Istanbul

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IAA707920

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Türkiye

Baghdad Kiosk

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ITH0356

Revan Kiosk

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ITH0366

Iftaree Pavilion

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ITH0360

Sofa Mosque

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ITH0352

Sofa Kiosk

Mecidiye Kiosk

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ITH0354

The Circumcision Room

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ITH0372

Chief Physician's Room

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ITH0357

Nasser Rabbat

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ITH0359

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ITH0368

The Fourth Court

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ITH0369

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ITH0370

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ITH0371

Nicholas Stone

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color slide

Istanbul. Topkapi Sarayi. Hirka-i Saadet (Fourth Courtyard). Calligraphic inscription above portal.

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ITH0375

The living space of the&nbsp; Sultan, the Queen Mother,&nbsp; the sultan’s wives, concubines, children, servants, brothers and sisters and Black Eunuchs who were the protectors of the Harem. Source: "Harem." Topkapi Palace Museum. Accessed January 24, 2016. <a data-bypass="true" target="_blank" href="http://topkapisarayi.gov.tr/en/content/harem">http://topkapisarayi.gov.tr/en/content/harem</a>.

Topkapi Sarayi Harem

Topkapı Sarayı served as the Ottoman imperial palace from the late fifteenth/ninth century AH to the nineteenth/ thirteenth century AH. <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2614" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sultan Mehmed II</a> "the conqueror" (r. 1444-1446, 1451-1481/848-850, 855-886 AH)&nbsp;ordered the palace to be built as a replacement for his first palace, which he had constructed on the site of a monastery and the 4th century Forum Tauri of Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I. The first palace became known as the Old Palace (Eski Saray), and was eventually demolished to make way for the&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/sites/2024" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Süleymaniye complex</a>. Mehmed II's second palace was originally called&nbsp;The New Imperial Palace (Saray-i Cedid-i Amire), but eventually took the name Topkapı Sarayı, meaning "Palace of the Canon-Gate." Construction began on Topkapı in 1459/863 AH and ended in 1473/878. Several significant renovations took place, first in the sixteenth/tenth century AH, and then again after the complex was damaged in two fires. The palace remained the residence of the Ottomans and the main stage upon which their imperial pomp was displayed until Abdülmecid I abandoned the palace in 1853 for the newly constructed&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/sites/3475" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;Beşiktaş.&nbsp;Topkapı&nbsp;Palace was restored in the 1950s by the Palace Museum Administration and is open to visitors.&nbsp; Site layout:&nbsp; The palace sits atop&nbsp;Seraglio Point (Sarayburnu), a&nbsp;hill at the tip of the historic peninsula of Istanbul and the site of the city's most ancient acropolis. The site affords sweeping views to the east and south, where the&nbsp;waters of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus Strait, and the Golden Horn come together. The hillside, sloping down toward the waters, was&nbsp;terraced in three levels incorporating the Byzantine retaining walls.&nbsp; As it was first constructed, the core of the palace consisted of an agglomeration of buildings arranged around two courtyards, built on the plateau at the top of the hill along an axis running southwest to northeast. The first of the two courtyards housed government and judiciary buildings, and the second was reserved for the royal residence and palace school. A land wall or fortress, two and a half kilometers in length, was built around this agglomeration, forming a vast garden zone around the palace core where kiosks were built with views of the city and waters. A section of this garden zone on the southwest side of the grounds, lying between the "front" walls (located directly behind Hagia Sophia) and the gate to the courtyard housing government and judiciary buildings was enclosed to form a forecourt to the administrative core. This became known as the "first court," while the government and judiciary courtyard became known as the "second court," and the residential courtyard, furthest northeast, became known as the "third court." The area behind (to the northeast) of the third court, which included terraced gardens and kiosks overlooking the water, became known as the "fourth court." The Harem, the living quarters of the palace women that extends along the western walls of the second and third courts, was expanded through the centuries as the Sultans added their own apartment to the complex.&nbsp; The First Court: The<a href="https://archnet.org/sites/10490" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">&nbsp;First Court</a>&nbsp;is entered through the&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/sites/10489" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Imperial Gate</a>&nbsp;(Bab-i Humayun), which is located in the enclosure walls on the southwestern end of the grounds, directly behind Hagia Sophia. The gate remained open at all times when the court was not in use for a hunting party and was guarded by soldiers who resided in barracks inside the gate. This court consists of a large tree-filled green space with a few service buildings. One of these is the Byzantine Church of Hagia Irene, which the Ottomans used as an armory. Another was the Royal Mint (Dar'ül-Zarb-i Enderuni or Darphane-i Amire). Both of these buildings remain today. Aside from these, the First Court had barracks of employees in outer palace services (birun), the Hospital of the Pages and Janissaries, stables, warehouses, workshops, a woodyard and a market where produce from palace gardens were on sale for all. Used also by those who desired to hand petitions to the Divan, the first court was the site of most royal ceremonies.&nbsp; The Second Court: Entrance to the&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/sites/10491" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Second Court</a>&nbsp;is through the Middle Gate (also called the Gate of Salutation or Bab-ül-Salaam) constructed at the beginning of the palace's life during the reign of Mehmed II. The gate was refurbished by Murad III in the late 16th century and no longer has its original gilded doors or portico. The court, enclosed on all four sides by halls with porticoes, has had little altered since the sixteenth/tenth century AH. To the left, the Stable Court (Has Ahır Meydanı) and the Barracks of the Halberdiers with Tresses (Zülüflü Baltacılar Koğuşu) - who, among other things, supplied burning wood for the Harem - are located next to the Carriage Gate (Araba Kapısı) of the Harem flanked by the Divan Hall and the Outer Treasury (	Dış&nbsp;Hazine). The Imperial Kitchens (Mutfaklar) occupy the right side of the courtyard. The courtyard was once arranged as a miniature wood where gazelles, peacocks and ostriches were allowed to roam free.&nbsp; The Third Court: The&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/sites/10492" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Third Court&nbsp;</a>houses the palace school for pages (enderun), the sultan's headquarters and his treasury. It is entered through the Gate of Felicity (Bab'üs Saadet) that was guarded by the White Eunuchs. Their barracks and the dormitories of the new students used to flank the gate prior to a fire in 1856; they have since been rebuilt as offices. The Sultan met the members of the Divan every day in the Chamber of Petitions (Arz Odası), a large hall with a portico located immediately behind the gate. To the left are the Aviary Gate of the Harem and the exclusive kitchen of the Sultan next to the Mosque of the Aghas, which had separate sections for the pages and the harem women. Preceding the Royal Pavilion of Mehmed II (Has Oda) on the corner is the Dormitory of the 39 Senior Pages (Has Odalılar Koğuşu) who performed personal services for the Sultan. The Royal Pavilion was used to safeguard the Holy Mantle and other relics of the Prophet brought from Cairo by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/8374" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Selim I</a> (1512-1520) after the sultans moved their apartments from here into the harem in the second half of the 16th century. Across the courtyard from the Pavilion of the Holy Mantle is the Inner Treasury (Iç Hazine) or the Kiosk of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2614" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mehmed II</a>. Royal treasures were stored here and in an adjoining room that previously belonged to the Pages' Hamam that <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2637" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ahmed I </a>(1603-1617) had replaced by a dormitory for the expeditionary force, known as Campaign Hall (Seferli Koğuşu). The three-story Library of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2636" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ahmed III</a> occupies the center of the courtyard where the Pool Pavilion (Havuzlu Kösk) once stood. Dormitories of senior students in charge of the treasury and the cellars, The Hall of the Treasury (Hazine-i Hümayun Hademeleri Koğuşu) and the Department of the Pantry and Stores (Kilerli Koğuşu), separate the third court from the fourth. The halls of the third court are united by a portico that runs around the courtyard. The Fourth Court: Small passages between the Hall of the Treasury and the Department of the Pantry lead into the Fourth Court, a loose collection of kiosks built on three levels. To the right is the Terrace of Ibrahim I, that looks onto the Golden Horn and the Bosporus. The Pavilion of the Holy Mantle (Hirka-i Serif Dairesi) of the Third Court opens onto this terrace with an L-shaped colonnade that follows its walls and of which we find the Circumcision Kiosk (Sünnet Köskü) of Selim I and the Revan Kiosk (Revan Köskü) of Murad IV. The colonnade ends at the rear entrance of the Harem to the southwest. Baghdad Kiosk, built in 1639 to celebrate the capture of Baghdad, rises at the other end of the terrace. Descending to the upper-level of gardens, the Sofa or Terrace Kiosk (Sofa Köskü) and the Tower of the Chief Physician (Hekimbaşı&nbsp;Kulesi) are built on the retaining wall between the two levels. The newest structure here is the Mecidiye Kiosk (Mecidiye Köskü) that was built by Abdülmecid I at the eastern edge of the forth court where two older kiosks had stood. Nearby are the small Sofa or Terrace Mosque (Sofa Camii) and the Room of the Wardrobe (Esvap Odası). A gate adjacent to the Mecidiye Kiosk leads down into the outer gardens and to Seraglio Point.&nbsp; Sources: Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakki.&nbsp;Osmanli mimarisinde Fatih devri, 855-886 (1451-1481)&nbsp;IV,&nbsp;682-755. Istanbul: Baha Matbaasi, 1973-1974. Davis, Fanny.&nbsp;The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul. New York: Scribner, 1970. Goodwin, Godfrey.&nbsp;Topkapi Palace: an illustrated guide to its life &amp; personalities. London: Saqi Books, 1999.&nbsp; Necipoglu, Gülru.&nbsp;Architecture, ceremonial, and power: the Topkapi Palace in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. New York: Architectural History Foundation and Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991.

Topkapı Sarayı

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The Fourth Court
Istanbul, Türkiye

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The Fourth Court
Istanbul, Türkiye

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The Fourth CourtIstanbul, Türkiye

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The Fourth Court
Istanbul, Türkiye